Now for the heavy lifting:¶
│ │ │We first have to come up with the weights, - calculate the month length for each monthly data record - calculate weights using groupby('time.season')
Finally, we just need to multiply our weights by the Dataset and sum along the time dimension. Creating a DataArray for the month length is as easy as using the days_in_month accessor on the time coordinate. The calendar type, in this case 'noleap', is automatically considered in this operation.
In this example, the logical coordinates are x and y, while the physical coordinates are xc and yc, which represent the longitudes and latitudes of the data.
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ ├── html2text {}
│ │ │ │ @@ -98,15 +98,15 @@
│ │ │ │ File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205, in
│ │ │ │ HTTPConnection._new_conn(self)
│ │ │ │ 204 except socket.gaierror as e:
│ │ │ │ --> 205 raise NameResolutionError(self.host, self, e) from e
│ │ │ │ 206 except SocketTimeout as e:
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ NameResolutionError: : Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure
│ │ │ │ +0x7f89ff07c980>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure
│ │ │ │ in name resolution)
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ MaxRetryError Traceback (most recent call last)
│ │ │ │ File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py:667, in
│ │ │ │ HTTPAdapter.send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
│ │ │ │ @@ -142,15 +142,15 @@
│ │ │ │ --> 519 raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason # type: ignore
│ │ │ │ [arg-type]
│ │ │ │ 521 log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r", url, new_retry)
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries
│ │ │ │ exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by
│ │ │ │ NameResolutionError(": Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure
│ │ │ │ +0x7f89ff07c980>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure
│ │ │ │ in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ ConnectionError Traceback (most recent call last)
│ │ │ │ Cell In[2], line 1
│ │ │ │ ----> 1 ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("rasm").load()
│ │ │ │ @@ -247,15 +247,15 @@
│ │ │ │ --> 700 raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
│ │ │ │ 702 except ClosedPoolError as e:
│ │ │ │ 703 raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries
│ │ │ │ exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by
│ │ │ │ NameResolutionError(": Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure
│ │ │ │ +0x7f89ff07c980>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure
│ │ │ │ in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ │ In this example, the llooggiiccaall ccoooorrddiinnaatteess are x and y, while the pphhyyssiiccaall
│ │ │ │ ccoooorrddiinnaatteess are xc and yc, which represent the longitudes and latitudes of the
│ │ │ │ data.
│ │ │ │ [3]:
│ │ │ │ print(ds.xc.attrs)
│ │ │ │ print(ds.yc.attrs)
│ │ ├── ./usr/share/doc/python-xarray-doc/html/examples/multidimensional-coords.ipynb.gz
│ │ │ ├── multidimensional-coords.ipynb
│ │ │ │ ├── Pretty-printed
│ │ │ │ │┄ Similarity: 0.9991497747747748%
│ │ │ │ │┄ Differences: {"'cells'": "{1: {'metadata': {'execution': {'iopub.execute_input': '2025-07-22T10:01:49.629080Z', "
│ │ │ │ │┄ "'iopub.status.busy': '2025-07-22T10:01:49.628489Z', 'iopub.status.idle': "
│ │ │ │ │┄ "'2025-07-22T10:01:50.816500Z', 'shell.execute_reply': "
│ │ │ │ │┄ "'2025-07-22T10:01:50.815937Z'}}}, 3: {'metadata': {'execution': "
│ │ │ │ │┄ "{'iopub.execute_input': '2025-07-22T10:01:50.818730Z', 'iopub.status.busy': "
│ │ │ │ │┄ "'2025-07-22T10:01:50.818431Z', 'iopub.status.idle': '2025-07-22T10:01:5 […]
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -16,18 +16,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 1,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2018-11-28T20:49:56.068395Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2018-11-28T20:49:56.035349Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:44:57.334820Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:44:57.334358Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:44:58.600618Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:44:58.599345Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:01:49.629080Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:01:49.628489Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:01:50.816500Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:01:50.815937Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [],
│ │ │ │ │ "source": [
│ │ │ │ │ "%matplotlib inline\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "import numpy as np\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "import pandas as pd\n",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -48,24 +48,24 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 2,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:13.629720Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:13.484542Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:44:58.604665Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:44:58.604128Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.415558Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.414348Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:01:50.818730Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:01:50.818431Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.696831Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.696177Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "ename": "ConnectionError",
│ │ │ │ │ - "evalue": "HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError(\": Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)\"))",
│ │ │ │ │ + "evalue": "HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError(\": Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)\"))",
│ │ │ │ │ "output_type": "error",
│ │ │ │ │ "traceback": [
│ │ │ │ │ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
│ │ │ │ │ "\u001b[0;31mgaierror\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:198\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPConnection._new_conn\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 197\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 198\u001b[0m sock \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mconnection\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mcreate_connection\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 199\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_dns_host\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mport\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 200\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtimeout\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 201\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43msource_address\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43msource_address\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 202\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43msocket_options\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43msocket_options\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 203\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 204\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m socket\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mgaierror \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:60\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mcreate_connection\u001b[0;34m(address, timeout, source_address, socket_options)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 58\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m LocationParseError(\u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mhost\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m, label empty or too long\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;28;01mfrom\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 60\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m res \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43msocket\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgetaddrinfo\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mhost\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mport\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mfamily\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43msocket\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mSOCK_STREAM\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m:\n\u001b[1;32m 61\u001b[0m af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m res\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3.13/socket.py:977\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mgetaddrinfo\u001b[0;34m(host, port, family, type, proto, flags)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 976\u001b[0m addrlist \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m []\n\u001b[0;32m--> 977\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m res \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43m_socket\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgetaddrinfo\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mhost\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mport\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mfamily\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mtype\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mproto\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mflags\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m:\n\u001b[1;32m 978\u001b[0m af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m res\n",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -74,34 +74,34 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "\u001b[0;31mNameResolutionError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:787\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPConnectionPool.urlopen\u001b[0;34m(self, method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host, timeout, pool_timeout, release_conn, chunked, body_pos, preload_content, decode_content, **response_kw)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 786\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Make the request on the HTTPConnection object\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 787\u001b[0m response \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_make_request\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 788\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mconn\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 789\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmethod\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 790\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 791\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtimeout\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtimeout_obj\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 792\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mbody\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mbody\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 793\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mheaders\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mheaders\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 794\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mchunked\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mchunked\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 795\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mretries\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mretries\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 796\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mresponse_conn\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mresponse_conn\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 797\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mpreload_content\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mpreload_content\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 798\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdecode_content\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mdecode_content\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 799\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mresponse_kw\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 800\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 802\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Everything went great!\u001b[39;00m\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:488\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPConnectionPool._make_request\u001b[0;34m(self, conn, method, url, body, headers, retries, timeout, chunked, response_conn, preload_content, decode_content, enforce_content_length)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 487\u001b[0m new_e \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m _wrap_proxy_error(new_e, conn\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mproxy\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mscheme)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 488\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m new_e\n\u001b[1;32m 490\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 491\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.\u001b[39;00m\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:464\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPConnectionPool._make_request\u001b[0;34m(self, conn, method, url, body, headers, retries, timeout, chunked, response_conn, preload_content, decode_content, enforce_content_length)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 463\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 464\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_validate_conn\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mconn\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 465\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:1093\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPSConnectionPool._validate_conn\u001b[0;34m(self, conn)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1092\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m conn\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mis_closed:\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1093\u001b[0m \u001b[43mconn\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mconnect\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 1095\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# TODO revise this, see https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2791\u001b[39;00m\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:704\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPSConnection.connect\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 703\u001b[0m sock: socket\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msocket \u001b[38;5;241m|\u001b[39m ssl\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mSSLSocket\n\u001b[0;32m--> 704\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msock \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m sock \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_new_conn\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 705\u001b[0m server_hostname: \u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mhost\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPConnection._new_conn\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 204\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m socket\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mgaierror \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 205\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m NameResolutionError(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mhost, \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m, e) \u001b[38;5;28;01mfrom\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21;01me\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 206\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m SocketTimeout \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n",
│ │ │ │ │ - "\u001b[0;31mNameResolutionError\u001b[0m: : Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)",
│ │ │ │ │ + "\u001b[0;31mNameResolutionError\u001b[0m: : Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)",
│ │ │ │ │ "\nThe above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "\u001b[0;31mMaxRetryError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py:667\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPAdapter.send\u001b[0;34m(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 666\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 667\u001b[0m resp \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mconn\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43murlopen\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 668\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmethod\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mrequest\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mmethod\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 669\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 670\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mbody\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mrequest\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mbody\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 671\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mheaders\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mrequest\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mheaders\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 672\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mredirect\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mFalse\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 673\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43massert_same_host\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mFalse\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 674\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mpreload_content\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mFalse\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 675\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdecode_content\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mFalse\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 676\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mretries\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mmax_retries\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 677\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtimeout\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtimeout\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 678\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mchunked\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mchunked\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 679\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 681\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m (ProtocolError, \u001b[38;5;167;01mOSError\u001b[39;00m) \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m err:\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:841\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPConnectionPool.urlopen\u001b[0;34m(self, method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host, timeout, pool_timeout, release_conn, chunked, body_pos, preload_content, decode_content, **response_kw)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 839\u001b[0m new_e \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m ProtocolError(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mConnection aborted.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m, new_e)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 841\u001b[0m retries \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mretries\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mincrement\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 842\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmethod\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43merror\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mnew_e\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m_pool\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m_stacktrace\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43msys\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mexc_info\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m2\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 843\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 844\u001b[0m retries\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msleep()\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:519\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRetry.increment\u001b[0;34m(self, method, url, response, error, _pool, _stacktrace)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 518\u001b[0m reason \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m error \u001b[38;5;129;01mor\u001b[39;00m ResponseError(cause)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 519\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) \u001b[38;5;28;01mfrom\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21;01mreason\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# type: ignore[arg-type]\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 521\u001b[0m log\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mdebug(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mIncremented Retry for (url=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m%s\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m): \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m%r\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m, url, new_retry)\n",
│ │ │ │ │ - "\u001b[0;31mMaxRetryError\u001b[0m: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError(\": Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)\"))",
│ │ │ │ │ + "\u001b[0;31mMaxRetryError\u001b[0m: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError(\": Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)\"))",
│ │ │ │ │ "\nDuring handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "\u001b[0;31mConnectionError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
│ │ │ │ │ "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[2], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m ds \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mxr\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtutorial\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mopen_dataset\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mrasm\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mload()\n\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m ds\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/xarray/tutorial.py:167\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mopen_dataset\u001b[0;34m(name, cache, cache_dir, engine, **kws)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 164\u001b[0m downloader \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m pooch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mHTTPDownloader(headers\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mheaders)\n\u001b[1;32m 166\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# retrieve the file\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 167\u001b[0m filepath \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mpooch\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mretrieve\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 168\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mknown_hash\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mNone\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mpath\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mcache_dir\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdownloader\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mdownloader\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 169\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 170\u001b[0m ds \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m _open_dataset(filepath, engine\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mengine, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39mkws)\n\u001b[1;32m 171\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m cache:\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pooch/core.py:239\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mretrieve\u001b[0;34m(url, known_hash, fname, path, processor, downloader, progressbar)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 236\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m downloader \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m 237\u001b[0m downloader \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m choose_downloader(url, progressbar\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mprogressbar)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 239\u001b[0m \u001b[43mstream_download\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mfull_path\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mknown_hash\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdownloader\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mpooch\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mNone\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 241\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m known_hash \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m 242\u001b[0m get_logger()\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39minfo(\n\u001b[1;32m 243\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mSHA256 hash of downloaded file: \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m%s\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;130;01m\\n\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m 244\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mUse this value as the \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mknown_hash\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m argument of \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mpooch.retrieve\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\n\u001b[0;32m (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 247\u001b[0m file_hash(\u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m(full_path)),\n\u001b[1;32m 248\u001b[0m )\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pooch/core.py:807\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mstream_download\u001b[0;34m(url, fname, known_hash, downloader, pooch, retry_if_failed)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 803\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m 804\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Stream the file to a temporary so that we can safely check its\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 805\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# hash before overwriting the original.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 806\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m temporary_file(path\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m(fname\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mparent)) \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m tmp:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 807\u001b[0m \u001b[43mdownloader\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtmp\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mpooch\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 808\u001b[0m hash_matches(tmp, known_hash, strict\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m, source\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m(fname\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mname))\n\u001b[1;32m 809\u001b[0m shutil\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmove(tmp, \u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m(fname))\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pooch/downloaders.py:220\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPDownloader.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, url, output_file, pooch, check_only)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 218\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# pylint: enable=consider-using-with\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 219\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 220\u001b[0m response \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mrequests\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mget\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtimeout\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtimeout\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 221\u001b[0m response\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mraise_for_status()\n\u001b[1;32m 222\u001b[0m content \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m response\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39miter_content(chunk_size\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mchunk_size)\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/api.py:73\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mget\u001b[0;34m(url, params, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 62\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mget\u001b[39m(url, params\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39mkwargs):\n\u001b[1;32m 63\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;250m \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mr\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"Sends a GET request.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 64\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m 65\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 70\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m :rtype: requests.Response\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 71\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m \"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 73\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mrequest\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mget\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mparams\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mparams\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/api.py:59\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mrequest\u001b[0;34m(method, url, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 55\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 56\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 57\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# cases, and look like a memory leak in others.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 58\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m sessions\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mSession() \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m session:\n\u001b[0;32m---> 59\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43msession\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mrequest\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mmethod\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mmethod\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43murl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py:589\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mSession.request\u001b[0;34m(self, method, url, params, data, headers, cookies, files, auth, timeout, allow_redirects, proxies, hooks, stream, verify, cert, json)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 584\u001b[0m send_kwargs \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m {\n\u001b[1;32m 585\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mtimeout\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: timeout,\n\u001b[1;32m 586\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mallow_redirects\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: allow_redirects,\n\u001b[1;32m 587\u001b[0m }\n\u001b[1;32m 588\u001b[0m send_kwargs\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mupdate(settings)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 589\u001b[0m resp \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43msend\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mprep\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43msend_kwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 591\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m resp\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py:703\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mSession.send\u001b[0;34m(self, request, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 700\u001b[0m start \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m preferred_clock()\n\u001b[1;32m 702\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Send the request\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 703\u001b[0m r \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43madapter\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43msend\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mrequest\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 705\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 706\u001b[0m elapsed \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m preferred_clock() \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m start\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py:700\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mHTTPAdapter.send\u001b[0;34m(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 696\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28misinstance\u001b[39m(e\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mreason, _SSLError):\n\u001b[1;32m 697\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 698\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m SSLError(e, request\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mrequest)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 700\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;167;01mConnectionError\u001b[39;00m(e, request\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mrequest)\n\u001b[1;32m 702\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m ClosedPoolError \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m 703\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;167;01mConnectionError\u001b[39;00m(e, request\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mrequest)\n",
│ │ │ │ │ - "\u001b[0;31mConnectionError\u001b[0m: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError(\": Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)\"))"
│ │ │ │ │ + "\u001b[0;31mConnectionError\u001b[0m: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError(\": Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)\"))"
│ │ │ │ │ ]
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ ],
│ │ │ │ │ "source": [
│ │ │ │ │ "ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset(\"rasm\").load()\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "ds"
│ │ │ │ │ ]
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -118,18 +118,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 3,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:15.836061Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:15.768376Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.419123Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.418909Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.441238Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.440285Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.698786Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.698600Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.716709Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.716246Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "ename": "NameError",
│ │ │ │ │ "evalue": "name 'ds' is not defined",
│ │ │ │ │ "output_type": "error",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -160,18 +160,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 4,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:17.928556Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:17.031211Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.444378Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.444172Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.604415Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.603485Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.718302Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.718145Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.977036Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.976421Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "ename": "NameError",
│ │ │ │ │ "evalue": "name 'ds' is not defined",
│ │ │ │ │ "output_type": "error",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -213,18 +213,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 5,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:20.567749Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:19.999393Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.608192Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.607844Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.627912Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.626805Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.978949Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.978768Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.990212Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.989669Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "ename": "NameError",
│ │ │ │ │ "evalue": "name 'ds' is not defined",
│ │ │ │ │ "output_type": "error",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -252,18 +252,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 6,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:31.131708Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:30.444697Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.631191Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.630892Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.723083Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.721916Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.991961Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:01:51.991766Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:01:52.097701Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:01:52.097172Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "ename": "NameError",
│ │ │ │ │ "evalue": "name 'ds' is not defined",
│ │ │ │ │ "output_type": "error",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -310,18 +310,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 7,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:43.670463Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2018-11-28T20:50:43.245501Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.726655Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.726335Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.749131Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:44:59.748179Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:01:52.099968Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:01:52.099797Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:01:52.113087Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:01:52.112582Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "ename": "NameError",
│ │ │ │ │ "evalue": "name 'ds' is not defined",
│ │ │ │ │ "output_type": "error",
│ │ ├── ./usr/share/doc/python-xarray-doc/html/examples/visualization_gallery.html
│ │ │ @@ -152,15 +152,15 @@
│ │ │ 705 server_hostname: str = self.host
│ │ │
│ │ │ File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205, in HTTPConnection._new_conn(self)
│ │ │ 204 except socket.gaierror as e:
│ │ │ --> 205 raise NameResolutionError(self.host, self, e) from e
│ │ │ 206 except SocketTimeout as e:
│ │ │
│ │ │ -NameResolutionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f7f2c460980>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)
│ │ │ +NameResolutionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f0ac8fc0980>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)
│ │ │
│ │ │ The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
│ │ │
│ │ │ MaxRetryError Traceback (most recent call last)
│ │ │ File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py:667, in HTTPAdapter.send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
│ │ │ 666 try:
│ │ │ --> 667 resp = conn.urlopen(
│ │ │ @@ -186,15 +186,15 @@
│ │ │ 844 retries.sleep()
│ │ │
│ │ │ File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:519, in Retry.increment(self, method, url, response, error, _pool, _stacktrace)
│ │ │ 518 reason = error or ResponseError(cause)
│ │ │ --> 519 raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason # type: ignore[arg-type]
│ │ │ 521 log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r", url, new_retry)
│ │ │
│ │ │ -MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f7f2c460980>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f0ac8fc0980>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │ During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
│ │ │
│ │ │ ConnectionError Traceback (most recent call last)
│ │ │ Cell In[2], line 1
│ │ │ ----> 1 ds = xr.tutorial.load_dataset("air_temperature")
│ │ │
│ │ │ @@ -283,15 +283,15 @@
│ │ │ 696 if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
│ │ │ 697 # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
│ │ │ 698 raise SSLError(e, request=request)
│ │ │ --> 700 raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
│ │ │ 702 except ClosedPoolError as e:
│ │ │ 703 raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
│ │ │
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f7f2c460980>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f0ac8fc0980>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ [3]:
│ │ │ Multiple plots and map projections¶
│ │ │Control the map projection parameters on multiple axes
│ │ │This example illustrates how to plot multiple maps and control their extent and aspect ratio.
│ │ │For more details see this discussion on github.
│ │ │ ├── html2text {} │ │ │ │ @@ -94,15 +94,15 @@ │ │ │ │ File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205, in │ │ │ │ HTTPConnection._new_conn(self) │ │ │ │ 204 except socket.gaierror as e: │ │ │ │ --> 205 raise NameResolutionError(self.host, self, e) from e │ │ │ │ 206 except SocketTimeout as e: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ NameResolutionError:<xarray.Dataset> Size: 41kB │ │ │ Dimensions: (time: 731, location: 3) │ │ │ Coordinates: │ │ │ * time (time) datetime64[ns] 6kB 2000-01-01 2000-01-02 ... 2001-12-31 │ │ │ * location (location) <U2 24B 'IA' 'IN' 'IL' │ │ │ Data variables: │ │ │ tmin (time, location) float64 18kB -8.037 -1.788 ... -1.346 -4.544 │ │ │ - tmax (time, location) float64 18kB 12.98 3.31 6.779 ... 3.343 3.805
location
PandasIndex
PandasIndex(Index(['IA', 'IN', 'IL'], dtype='object', name='location'))
Examine a dataset with pandas and seaborn¶
│ │ │Convert to a pandas DataFrame¶
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ [2]:
│ │ │ @@ -697,15 +697,15 @@
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ [5]:
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ -<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x7ff2117aecf0>
│ │ │ +<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x7f47df2eacf0>
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ 
│ │ │ @@ -1110,26 +1110,26 @@
│ │ │ [0. , 0. , 0. ],
│ │ │ [0. , 0. , 0. ],
│ │ │ [0. , 0.01612903, 0. ],
│ │ │ [0.33333333, 0.35 , 0.23333333],
│ │ │ [0.93548387, 0.85483871, 0.82258065]])
│ │ │ Coordinates:
│ │ │ * location (location) <U2 24B 'IA' 'IN' 'IL'
│ │ │ - * month (month) int64 96B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
│ │ │ @@ -1110,26 +1110,26 @@
│ │ │ [0. , 0. , 0. ],
│ │ │ [0. , 0. , 0. ],
│ │ │ [0. , 0.01612903, 0. ],
│ │ │ [0.33333333, 0.35 , 0.23333333],
│ │ │ [0.93548387, 0.85483871, 0.82258065]])
│ │ │ Coordinates:
│ │ │ * location (location) <U2 24B 'IA' 'IN' 'IL'
│ │ │ - * month (month) int64 96B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12- location(location)<U2'IA' 'IN' 'IL'
array(['IA', 'IN', 'IL'], dtype='<U2')
- month(month)int641 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
array([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
- locationPandasIndex
PandasIndex(Index(['IA', 'IN', 'IL'], dtype='object', name='location'))
- monthPandasIndex
PandasIndex(Index([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12], dtype='int64', name='month'))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ @@ -1642,18 +1642,18 @@
│ │ │ Dimensions: (time: 731, location: 3)
│ │ │ Coordinates:
│ │ │ * time (time) datetime64[ns] 6kB 2000-01-01 2000-01-02 ... 2001-12-31
│ │ │ * location (location) <U2 24B 'IA' 'IN' 'IL'
│ │ │ month (time) int64 6kB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ... 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
│ │ │ Data variables:
│ │ │ some_missing (time, location) float64 18kB nan nan nan ... -1.346 -4.544
│ │ │ - filled (time, location) float64 18kB -5.163 -4.216 ... -1.346 -4.544
│ │ │
│ │ │ [7]:
│ │ │ freeze.to_pandas().plot()
│ │ │ location
PandasIndex
PandasIndex(Index(['IA', 'IN', 'IL'], dtype='object', name='location'))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ "
│ │ │ │ │ ],
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ " Size: 41kB\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "Dimensions: (time: 731, location: 3)\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "Coordinates:\n",
│ │ │ │ │ " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 6kB 2000-01-01 2000-01-02 ... 2001-12-31\n",
│ │ │ │ │ " * location (location) \n",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -594,18 +594,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 3,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:47:32.682065Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:47:32.652629Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.137798Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.137576Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.149772Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.148882Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.483094Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.482756Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.493494Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.493109Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/html": [
│ │ │ │ │ " Size: 288B\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "array([[0.9516129 , 0.88709677, 0.93548387],\n",
│ │ │ │ │ " [0.84210526, 0.71929825, 0.77192982],\n",
│ │ │ │ │ " [0.24193548, 0.12903226, 0.16129032],\n",
│ │ │ │ │ " [0. , 0. , 0. ],\n",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -1250,18 +1250,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 7,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:48:13.131247Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:48:12.924985Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.813485Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.813309Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.928033Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.926963Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.520270Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.520050Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.729799Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.729236Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ ""
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -1298,18 +1298,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 8,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:48:08.498259Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:48:08.210890Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.931077Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.930890Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.087814Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.086771Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.732421Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.731843Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.940646Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.940126Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ ""
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -1363,18 +1363,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 9,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:49:34.855086Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:49:34.406439Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.091008Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.090816Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.272639Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.271583Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.942421Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.942252Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.216365Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.215879Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ ""
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -1422,18 +1422,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 10,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:50:09.144586Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:50:08.734682Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.275824Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.275625Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.501196Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.500147Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.218334Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.218159Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.699679Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.699069Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ ""
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -1491,18 +1491,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 11,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:51:40.279299Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:51:40.220342Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.504363Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.504168Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.538110Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.537113Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.701919Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.701423Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.784850Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.784220Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/html": [
│ │ │ │ │ " "
│ │ │ │ │ ],
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ " Size: 47kB\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "Dimensions: (time: 731, location: 3)\n",
│ │ │ │ │ "Coordinates:\n",
│ │ │ │ │ " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 6kB 2000-01-01 2000-01-02 ... 2001-12-31\n",
│ │ │ │ │ " * location (location) \n",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -2073,18 +2073,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 13,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:52:14.867866Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:52:14.449684Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.552193Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.552025Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.754906Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:10.753753Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.797260Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:08.796721Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:09.216458Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:09.215969Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ ""
│ │ ├── ./usr/share/doc/python-xarray-doc/html/getting-started-guide/quick-overview.html
│ │ │ @@ -324,15 +324,15 @@
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ [12]:
│ │ │ df = both.sel(time="2000").mean("location").reset_coords(drop=True).to_dataframe()
│ │ │ df.head()
│ │ │ ├── html2text {}
│ │ │ │ @@ -142,15 +142,15 @@
│ │ │ │ [4]:
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ [../_images/examples_weather-data_7_1.png]
│ │ │ │ ******** VViissuuaalliizzee uussiinngg sseeaabboorrnn_?¶ ********
│ │ │ │ [5]:
│ │ │ │ sns.pairplot(df.reset_index(), vars=ds.data_vars)
│ │ │ │ [5]:
│ │ │ │ -
│ │ │ │ +
│ │ │ │ [../_images/examples_weather-data_9_1.png]
│ │ │ │ ********** PPrroobbaabbiilliittyy ooff ffrreeeezzee bbyy ccaalleennddaarr mmoonntthh_?¶ **********
│ │ │ │ [6]:
│ │ │ │ freeze = (ds["tmin"] <= 0).groupby("time.month").mean("time")
│ │ │ │ freeze
│ │ │ │ [6]:
│ │ │ │ Size: 288B
│ │ ├── ./usr/share/doc/python-xarray-doc/html/examples/weather-data.ipynb.gz
│ │ │ ├── weather-data.ipynb
│ │ │ │ ├── Pretty-printed
│ │ │ │ │┄ Similarity: 0.9992323269378145%
│ │ │ │ │┄ Differences: {"'cells'": "{1: {'metadata': {'execution': {'iopub.execute_input': '2025-07-22T10:02:02.196606Z', "
│ │ │ │ │┄ "'iopub.status.busy': '2025-07-22T10:02:02.196357Z', 'iopub.status.idle': "
│ │ │ │ │┄ "'2025-07-22T10:02:06.415175Z', 'shell.execute_reply': "
│ │ │ │ │┄ "'2025-07-22T10:02:06.414539Z'}}, 'outputs': {0: {'data': {'text/html': {insert: "
│ │ │ │ │┄ '[(377, " tmax (time, location) float64 18kB 12.98 3.31 6.779 ... 3.343 '
│ │ │ │ │┄ "3.805 \n",
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -708,18 +708,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 4,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:47:34.617042Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:47:34.282605Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.152619Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.152400Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.360058Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.358990Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.495179Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.494923Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.842547Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.841954Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ ""
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -756,25 +756,25 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 5,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:47:37.643175Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:47:37.202479Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.363130Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.362899Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.791982Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.790929Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.844793Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:06.844137Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.498475Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.496773Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ - ""
│ │ │ │ │ + ""
│ │ │ │ │ ]
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 5,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {},
│ │ │ │ │ "output_type": "execute_result"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ @@ -804,18 +804,18 @@
│ │ │ │ │ "execution_count": 6,
│ │ │ │ │ "metadata": {
│ │ │ │ │ "ExecuteTime": {
│ │ │ │ │ "end_time": "2020-01-27T15:48:11.241224Z",
│ │ │ │ │ "start_time": "2020-01-27T15:48:11.211156Z"
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "execution": {
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.execute_input": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.795030Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.busy": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.794835Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "iopub.status.idle": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.810802Z",
│ │ │ │ │ - "shell.execute_reply": "2025-05-05T11:45:09.809795Z"
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.execute_input": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.500541Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.busy": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.500347Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "iopub.status.idle": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.516516Z",
│ │ │ │ │ + "shell.execute_reply": "2025-07-22T10:02:07.515953Z"
│ │ │ │ │ }
│ │ │ │ │ },
│ │ │ │ │ "outputs": [
│ │ │ │ │ {
│ │ │ │ │ "data": {
│ │ │ │ │ "text/html": [
│ │ │ │ │ "
"
│ │ │ │ │ ],
│ │ │ │ │ "text/plain": [
│ │ │ │ │ "Plotting¶
│ │ │Visualizing your datasets is quick and convenient:
│ │ │In [37]: data.plot()
│ │ │ -Out[37]: <matplotlib.collections.QuadMesh at 0x7f8342c42900>
│ │ │ +Out[37]: <matplotlib.collections.QuadMesh at 0x7f9b8dbfa900>
│ │ │ 
│ │ │ Note the automatic labeling with names and units. Our effort in adding metadata attributes has paid off! Many aspects of these figures are customizable: see Plotting.
│ │ │pandas¶
│ │ │ ├── html2text {} │ │ │ │ @@ -253,15 +253,15 @@ │ │ │ │ [0.37342613, 1.49497537, 1.33584385]]) │ │ │ │ Coordinates: │ │ │ │ * x (x) int64 16B 10 20 │ │ │ │ Dimensions without coordinates: y │ │ │ │ ********** PPlloottttiinngg_?¶ ********** │ │ │ │ Visualizing your datasets is quick and convenient: │ │ │ │ In [37]: data.plot() │ │ │ │ -Out[37]:apply_ufunc", "Compare weighted and unweighted mean temperature", "Blank template", "Calculating Seasonal Averages from Time Series of Monthly Means", "Working with Multidimensional Coordinates", "Visualization Gallery", "Toy weather data", "Gallery", "Frequently Asked Questions", "Getting Started", "Installation", "Quick overview", "Overview: Why xarray?", "Getting Help", "How do I \u2026", "Xarray documentation", "Alternative chunked array types", "Integrating with duck arrays", "Extending xarray using accessors", "How to add a new backend", "How to create a custom index", "Xarray Internals", "Internal Design", "Interoperability of Xarray", "Time Coding", "Zarr Encoding Specification", "Development roadmap", "Tutorials and Videos", "Combining data", "Computation", "Parallel Computing with Dask", "Data Structures", "Working with numpy-like arrays", "GroupBy: Group and Bin Data", "Hierarchical data", "User Guide", "Indexing and selecting data", "Interpolating data", "Reading and writing files", "Configuration", "Working with pandas", "Plotting", "Reshaping and reorganizing data", "Terminology", "Testing your code", "Time series data", "Weather and climate data", "What\u2019s New"],
│ │ │ │ "titleterms": {
│ │ │ │ "": [13, 16, 55],
│ │ │ │ "0": 55,
│ │ │ │ "01": 55,
│ │ │ │ "02": 55,
│ │ ├── ./usr/share/doc/python-xarray-doc/html/user-guide/computation.html
│ │ │ @@ -934,16 +934,16 @@
│ │ │ <xarray.Dataset> Size: 2kB
│ │ │ Dimensions: (param: 10, cov_i: 10, cov_j: 10)
│ │ │ Coordinates:
│ │ │ * param (param) <U7 280B 'a0' 'xc0' ... 'xalpha1' 'yalpha1'
│ │ │ * cov_i (cov_i) <U7 280B 'a0' 'xc0' ... 'xalpha1' 'yalpha1'
│ │ │ * cov_j (cov_j) <U7 280B 'a0' 'xc0' ... 'xalpha1' 'yalpha1'
│ │ │ Data variables:
│ │ │ - curvefit_coefficients (param) float64 80B 3.0 1.004 1.003 ... 1.007 1.008
│ │ │ - curvefit_covariance (cov_i, cov_j) float64 800B 3.362e-05 ... 2.125e-05
│ │ │ + curvefit_coefficients (param) float64 80B -0.659 4.858 ... 2.066 1.329
│ │ │ + curvefit_covariance (cov_i, cov_j) float64 800B 5.662e+11 ... 6.911e-05
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ Note
│ │ │This method replicates the behavior of scipy.optimize.curve_fit().
func(ds)). This allows you to write pipelines for
│ │ │ transforming your data (using “method chaining”) instead of writing hard to
│ │ │ follow nested function calls:
│ │ │ # these lines are equivalent, but with pipe we can make the logic flow
│ │ │ # entirely from left to right
│ │ │ In [64]: plt.plot((2 * ds.temperature.sel(loc=0)).mean("instrument"))
│ │ │ -Out[64]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f8310bc7110>]
│ │ │ +Out[64]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9b84a33110>]
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [65]: (ds.temperature.sel(loc=0).pipe(lambda x: 2 * x).mean("instrument").pipe(plt.plot))
│ │ │ -Out[65]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f8310bc6e90>]
│ │ │ +Out[65]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9b84a32e90>]
│ │ │ Both pipe and assign replicate the pandas methods of the same names
│ │ │ (DataFrame.pipe and
│ │ │ DataFrame.assign).
With xarray, there is no performance penalty for creating new datasets, even if
│ │ │ variables are lazily loaded from a file on disk. Creating new objects instead
│ │ │ ├── html2text {}
│ │ │ │ @@ -585,19 +585,19 @@
│ │ │ │ There is also the pipe() method that allows you to use a method call with an
│ │ │ │ external function (e.g., ds.pipe(func)) instead of simply calling it (e.g.,
│ │ │ │ func(ds)). This allows you to write pipelines for transforming your data (using
│ │ │ │ “method chaining”) instead of writing hard to follow nested function calls:
│ │ │ │ # these lines are equivalent, but with pipe we can make the logic flow
│ │ │ │ # entirely from left to right
│ │ │ │ In [64]: plt.plot((2 * ds.temperature.sel(loc=0)).mean("instrument"))
│ │ │ │ -Out[64]: [ If you were a previous user of the prototype xarray-contrib/datatree package, this is different from what you’re used to!
│ │ │ In that package the data model was that the data stored in each node actually was completely unrelated. The data model is now slightly stricter.
│ │ │ This allows us to provide features like Coordinate Inheritance. To demonstrate, let’s first generate some example datasets which are not aligned with one another: To select and assign values to a portion of a You can also assign values to all variables of a Additional keyword arguments can be passed to scipy’s functions. Let’s see how (The suffix To read back a zarr dataset that has been created this way, we use the
│ │ │ It is possible to read and write xarray datasets directly from / to cloud
│ │ │ @@ -724,36 +724,36 @@
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [18]: ds = xr.Dataset({"foo": ("x", dummies)}, coords={"x": np.arange(30)})
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [19]: path = "path/to/directory.zarr"
│ │ │
│ │ │ # Now we write the metadata without computing any array values
│ │ │ In [20]: ds.to_zarr(path, compute=False)
│ │ │ -Out[20]: Delayed('_finalize_store-4a267f96-fb93-42cb-acab-499e6da629cf')
│ │ │ +Out[20]: Delayed('_finalize_store-5c412a59-5e11-40f1-ad08-9a102c466cd9')
│ │ │ Now, a Zarr store with the correct variable shapes and attributes exists that
│ │ │ can be filled out by subsequent calls to Concurrent writes with As a safety check to make it harder to inadvertently override existing values,
│ │ │ if you set Chunk sizes may be specified in one of three ways when writing to a zarr store: For example, let’s say we’re working with a dataset with dimensions
│ │ │ These multi-dimensional coordinates are only two-dimensional and take up very little
│ │ │ space on disk or in memory, yet when writing to disk the default zarr behavior is to
│ │ │ split them into chunks: Ncdata provides more sophisticated means of transferring data, including entire
│ │ │ datasets. It uses the file saving and loading functions in both projects to provide a
│ │ │ more “correct” translation between them, but still with very low overhead and not
│ │ │ using actual disk files. For example: For these examples we’ll use the North American air temperature dataset. Same plot can be displayed using the dataset: Now suppose we want to scatter the The You can force a legend instead of a colorbar by setting The The Faceting is also possible And adding the z-axis For more advanced scatter plots, we recommend converting the relevant data variables
│ │ │ to a pandas DataFrame and using the extensive plotting capabilities of
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ # (drop the attributes just to make the printed representation shorter)
│ │ │ In [89]: ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature").drop_attrs()
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f830f65ad50>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f9b77616d50>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [90]: ds_daily = ds.resample(time="D").mean("time")
│ │ │ KeyError: "No variable named 'time'. Variables on the dataset include ['foo', 'x', 'letters']"
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [91]: ds_weekly = ds.resample(time="W").mean("time")
│ │ │ ├── html2text {}
│ │ │ │ @@ -871,15 +871,15 @@
│ │ │ │ To demonstrate, let’s first generate some example datasets which are not
│ │ │ │ aligned with one another:
│ │ │ │ # (drop the attributes just to make the printed representation shorter)
│ │ │ │ In [89]: ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature").drop_attrs()
│ │ │ │ ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries
│ │ │ │ exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by
│ │ │ │ NameResolutionError("
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [52]: ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature")
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f830f65aad0>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f9b77616ad0>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ # Define target latitude and longitude (where weather stations might be)
│ │ │ In [53]: target_lon = xr.DataArray([200, 201, 202, 205], dims="points")
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [54]: target_lat = xr.DataArray([31, 41, 42, 42], dims="points")
│ │ │
│ │ │ @@ -697,15 +697,15 @@
│ │ │
Assigning values with indexing¶
│ │ │ DataArray() you
│ │ │ can use indexing with .loc :
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [57]: ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature")
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f830f658f50>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f9b77614f50>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ # add an empty 2D dataarray
│ │ │ In [58]: ds["empty"] = xr.full_like(ds.air.mean("time"), fill_value=0)
│ │ │ AttributeError: 'Dataset' object has no attribute 'air'
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ @@ -869,15 +869,15 @@
│ │ │
Dataset at once:
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [83]: ds_org = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("eraint_uvz").isel(
│ │ │ ....: latitude=slice(56, 59), longitude=slice(255, 258), level=0
│ │ │ ....: )
│ │ │ ....:
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/eraint_uvz.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f830f6587d0>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/eraint_uvz.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f9b77614b90>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ # set all values to 0
│ │ │ In [84]: ds = xr.zeros_like(ds_org)
│ │ │ NameError: name 'ds_org' is not defined
│ │ │ ├── html2text {}
│ │ │ │ @@ -476,15 +476,15 @@
│ │ │ │ with a new shared output dimension name. In the example below, the selections
│ │ │ │ of the closest latitude and longitude are renamed to an output dimension named
│ │ │ │ “points”:
│ │ │ │ In [52]: ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature")
│ │ │ │ ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries
│ │ │ │ exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by
│ │ │ │ NameResolutionError("
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ # fill 0 for the outside of the original coordinates.
│ │ │ In [21]: da.interp(x=np.linspace(-0.5, 1.5, 10), kwargs={"fill_value": 0.0})
│ │ │ @@ -439,15 +439,15 @@
│ │ │ see Missing values.
│ │ │
│ │ │
Example¶
│ │ │ interp() works on real data.
│ │ │
│ │ │ # Raw data
│ │ │ In [44]: ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature").isel(time=0)
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f8321d75bd0>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f9b8dc11bd0>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [45]: fig, axes = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(10, 4))
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [46]: ds.air.plot(ax=axes[0])
│ │ │ AttributeError: 'Dataset' object has no attribute 'air'
│ │ │ ├── html2text {}
│ │ │ │ @@ -153,26 +153,26 @@
│ │ │ │ ....: np.sin(np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 10)),
│ │ │ │ ....: dims="x",
│ │ │ │ ....: coords={"x": np.linspace(0, 1, 10)},
│ │ │ │ ....: )
│ │ │ │ ....:
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ In [17]: da.plot.line("o", label="original")
│ │ │ │ -Out[17]: [
.zarr is optional–just a reminder that a zarr store lives
│ │ │ there.) If the directory does not exist, it will be created. If a zarr
│ │ │ store is already present at that path, an error will be raised, preventing it
│ │ │ from being overwritten. To override this behavior and overwrite an existing
│ │ │ store, add mode='w' when invoking to_zarr().open_zarr() method:
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [14]: ds_zarr = xr.open_zarr("path/to/directory.zarr")
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [15]: ds_zarr
│ │ │ Out[15]:
│ │ │ <xarray.Dataset> Size: 264B
│ │ │ -Dimensions: (x: 4, y: 5)
│ │ │ +Dimensions: (y: 5, x: 4)
│ │ │ Coordinates:
│ │ │ - * x (x) int64 32B 10 20 30 40
│ │ │ - z (x) object 32B dask.array<chunksize=(4,), meta=np.ndarray>
│ │ │ * y (y) datetime64[ns] 40B 2000-01-01 2000-01-02 ... 2000-01-05
│ │ │ + z (x) object 32B dask.array<chunksize=(4,), meta=np.ndarray>
│ │ │ + * x (x) int64 32B 10 20 30 40
│ │ │ Data variables:
│ │ │ foo (x, y) float64 160B dask.array<chunksize=(4, 5), meta=np.ndarray>
│ │ │
Cloud Storage Buckets¶
│ │ │ to_zarr.
│ │ │ Setting region="auto" will open the existing store and determine the
│ │ │ correct alignment of the new data with the existing dimensions, or as an
│ │ │ explicit mapping from dimension names to Python slice objects indicating
│ │ │ where the data should be written (in index space, not label space), e.g.,
│ │ │
│ │ │ # For convenience, we'll slice a single dataset, but in the real use-case
│ │ │ # we would create them separately possibly even from separate processes.
│ │ │ In [21]: ds = xr.Dataset({"foo": ("x", np.arange(30))}, coords={"x": np.arange(30)})
│ │ │
│ │ │ # Any of the following region specifications are valid
│ │ │ In [22]: ds.isel(x=slice(0, 10)).to_zarr(path, region="auto")
│ │ │ -Out[22]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f830f9c6ef0>
│ │ │ +Out[22]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f9b7796ae60>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [23]: ds.isel(x=slice(10, 20)).to_zarr(path, region={"x": "auto"})
│ │ │ -Out[23]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f830f9c6b00>
│ │ │ +Out[23]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f9b7796ab00>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [24]: ds.isel(x=slice(20, 30)).to_zarr(path, region={"x": slice(20, 30)})
│ │ │ -Out[24]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f830fd8ce50>
│ │ │ +Out[24]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f9b77b3ce50>
│ │ │
region are safe as long as they modify distinct
│ │ │ chunks in the underlying Zarr arrays (or use an appropriate lock).region then all variables included in a Dataset must have
│ │ │ dimensions included in region. Other variables (typically coordinates)
│ │ │ @@ -816,28 +816,28 @@
│ │ │ ....: "y": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
│ │ │ ....: "t": pd.date_range("2001-01-01", periods=2),
│ │ │ ....: },
│ │ │ ....: )
│ │ │ ....:
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [30]: ds1.to_zarr("path/to/directory.zarr")
│ │ │ -Out[30]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f830fa80160>
│ │ │ +Out[30]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f9bc7f24160>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [31]: ds2 = xr.Dataset(
│ │ │ ....: {"foo": (("x", "y", "t"), np.random.rand(4, 5, 2))},
│ │ │ ....: coords={
│ │ │ ....: "x": [10, 20, 30, 40],
│ │ │ ....: "y": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
│ │ │ ....: "t": pd.date_range("2001-01-03", periods=2),
│ │ │ ....: },
│ │ │ ....: )
│ │ │ ....:
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [32]: ds2.to_zarr("path/to/directory.zarr", append_dim="t")
│ │ │ -Out[32]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f830fa80040>
│ │ │ +Out[32]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f9bc7f24040>
│ │ │ Specifying chunks in a zarr store¶
│ │ │
│ │ │ @@ -861,15 +861,15 @@
│ │ │ positional ordering of the dimensions in each array. Watch out for arrays with
│ │ │ differently-ordered dimensions within a single Dataset.
│ │ │
('time', 'x', 'y'), a variable Tair which is chunked in x and y,
│ │ │ and two multi-dimensional coordinates xc and yc:
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [33]: ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("rasm")
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f830fa84050>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/rasm.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f9bc7f28050>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [34]: ds["Tair"] = ds["Tair"].chunk({"x": 100, "y": 100})
│ │ │ KeyError: "No variable named 'Tair'. Variables on the dataset include ['foo', 'x']"
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [35]: ds
│ │ │ @@ -882,15 +882,15 @@
│ │ │ foo (x) int64 240B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [36]: ds.to_zarr("path/to/directory.zarr", mode="w")
│ │ │ -Out[36]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f830fa80550>
│ │ │ +Out[36]: <xarray.backends.zarr.ZarrStore at 0x7f9bc7f24550>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [37]: ! ls -R path/to/directory.zarr
│ │ │ path/to/directory.zarr:
│ │ │ foo x zarr.json
│ │ │
│ │ │ path/to/directory.zarr/foo:
│ │ │ c zarr.json
│ │ │ @@ -1081,15 +1081,15 @@
│ │ │
Ncdata¶
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [48]: ds = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature_gradient")
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature_gradient.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f830fa85590>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature_gradient.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f9bc7f29590>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [49]: cubes = ncdata.iris_xarray.cubes_from_xarray(ds)
│ │ │ NameError: name 'ncdata' is not defined
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [50]: print(cubes)
│ │ │ ├── html2text {}
│ │ │ │ @@ -481,15 +481,15 @@
│ │ │ │ ....: "y": pd.date_range("2000-01-01", periods=5),
│ │ │ │ ....: "z": ("x", list("abcd")),
│ │ │ │ ....: },
│ │ │ │ ....: )
│ │ │ │ ....:
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ In [13]: ds.to_zarr("path/to/directory.zarr")
│ │ │ │ -Out[13]:
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [5]: airtemps = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature")
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f830fa84550>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f9bc7f28410>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [6]: airtemps
│ │ │ NameError: name 'airtemps' is not defined
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ # Convert to celsius
│ │ │ @@ -445,15 +445,15 @@
│ │ │
│ │ │ # Apply a nonlinear transformation to one of the coords
│ │ │ In [50]: b.coords["lat"] = np.log(b.coords["lat"])
│ │ │ KeyError: 'lat'
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [51]: b.plot()
│ │ │ -Out[51]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830f56b610>]
│ │ │ +Out[51]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc780b610>]
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ Other types of plot¶
│ │ │ @@ -857,117 +857,117 @@
│ │ │ * y (y) float64 88B 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
│ │ │ * z (z) int64 32B 0 1 2 3
│ │ │ * w (w) <U5 80B 'one' 'two' 'three' 'five'
│ │ │ Attributes:
│ │ │ units: Aunits
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [99]: ds.A.plot.scatter(x="y")
│ │ │ -Out[99]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f834ee7b770>
│ │ │ +Out[99]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f9bc7c8f770>
│ │ │ 
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [100]: ds.plot.scatter(x="y", y="A")
│ │ │ -Out[100]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f830f473c50>
│ │ │ +Out[100]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f9bc771fc50>
│ │ │
│ │ │ A DataArray against the B DataArray
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [101]: ds.plot.scatter(x="A", y="B")
│ │ │ -Out[101]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f830f560410>
│ │ │ +Out[101]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f9bc77fc410>
│ │ │
│ │ │ hue kwarg lets you vary the color by variable value
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [102]: ds.plot.scatter(x="A", y="B", hue="w")
│ │ │ -Out[102]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f830f646fd0>
│ │ │ +Out[102]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f9bc76eefd0>
│ │ │
│ │ │ add_legend=True, add_colorbar=False.
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [103]: ds.plot.scatter(x="A", y="B", hue="w", add_legend=True, add_colorbar=False)
│ │ │ -Out[103]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f8321db7890>
│ │ │ +Out[103]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f9b8dc53890>
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [104]: ds.plot.scatter(x="A", y="B", hue="w", add_legend=False, add_colorbar=True)
│ │ │ -Out[104]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f8321dbec10>
│ │ │ +Out[104]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f9b8dc5ac10>
│ │ │
│ │ │ markersize kwarg lets you vary the point’s size by variable value.
│ │ │ You can additionally pass size_norm to control how the variable’s values are mapped to point sizes.
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [105]: ds.plot.scatter(x="A", y="B", hue="y", markersize="z")
│ │ │ -Out[105]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f83437f20d0>
│ │ │ +Out[105]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f9baf6f1810>
│ │ │
│ │ │ z kwarg lets you plot the data along the z-axis as well.
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [106]: ds.plot.scatter(x="A", y="B", z="z", hue="y", markersize="x")
│ │ │ -Out[106]: <mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Path3DCollection at 0x7f830f352c10>
│ │ │ +Out[106]: <mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Path3DCollection at 0x7f9bc75f6c10>
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [107]: ds.plot.scatter(x="A", y="B", hue="y", markersize="x", row="x", col="w")
│ │ │ -Out[107]: <xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f830fa10c20>
│ │ │ +Out[107]: <xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f9b779acc20>
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [108]: ds.plot.scatter(x="A", y="B", z="z", hue="y", markersize="x", row="x", col="w")
│ │ │ -Out[108]: <xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f830ea07390>
│ │ │ +Out[108]: <xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f9bc747f390>
│ │ │
│ │ │ seaborn.
Quiver¶
│ │ │Visualizing vector fields is supported with quiver plots:
│ │ │In [109]: ds.isel(w=1, z=1).plot.quiver(x="x", y="y", u="A", v="B")
│ │ │ -Out[109]: <matplotlib.quiver.Quiver at 0x7f830f68eba0>
│ │ │ +Out[109]: <matplotlib.quiver.Quiver at 0x7f9b7764eba0>
│ │ │ 
│ │ │ where u and v denote the x and y direction components of the arrow vectors. Again, faceting is also possible:
In [110]: ds.plot.quiver(x="x", y="y", u="A", v="B", col="w", row="z", scale=4)
│ │ │ -Out[110]: <xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f830e413d90>
│ │ │ +Out[110]: <xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f9bc6e8fd90>
│ │ │ 
│ │ │ scale is required for faceted quiver plots.
│ │ │ The scale determines the number of data units per arrow length unit, i.e. a smaller scale parameter makes the arrow longer.
Streamplot¶
│ │ │Visualizing vector fields is also supported with streamline plots:
│ │ │In [111]: ds.isel(w=1, z=1).plot.streamplot(x="x", y="y", u="A", v="B")
│ │ │ -Out[111]: <matplotlib.collections.LineCollection at 0x7f830dd96490>
│ │ │ +Out[111]: <matplotlib.collections.LineCollection at 0x7f9bc6816490>
│ │ │ 
│ │ │ where u and v denote the x and y direction components of the vectors tangent to the streamlines.
│ │ │ Again, faceting is also possible:
In [112]: ds.plot.streamplot(x="x", y="y", u="A", v="B", col="w", row="z")
│ │ │ -Out[112]: <xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f8310039220>
│ │ │ +Out[112]: <xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f9b77585220>
│ │ │ 
│ │ │ Maps¶
│ │ │To follow this section you’ll need to have Cartopy installed and working.
│ │ │This script will plot the air temperature on a map.
│ │ │In [113]: import cartopy.crs as ccrs
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [114]: air = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature").air
│ │ │ -ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f830e37ca50>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │ +ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f9bc6df8a50>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [115]: p = air.isel(time=0).plot(
│ │ │ .....: subplot_kws=dict(projection=ccrs.Orthographic(-80, 35), facecolor="gray"),
│ │ │ .....: transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(),
│ │ │ .....: )
│ │ │ .....:
│ │ │ @@ -1024,24 +1024,24 @@
│ │ │ In [121]: import xarray.plot as xplt
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [122]: da = xr.DataArray(range(5))
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [123]: fig, axs = plt.subplots(ncols=2, nrows=2)
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [124]: da.plot(ax=axs[0, 0])
│ │ │ -Out[124]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830da11950>]
│ │ │ +Out[124]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc648d950>]
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [125]: da.plot.line(ax=axs[0, 1])
│ │ │ -Out[125]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830da11a90>]
│ │ │ +Out[125]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc648da90>]
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [126]: xplt.plot(da, ax=axs[1, 0])
│ │ │ -Out[126]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830da11bd0>]
│ │ │ +Out[126]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc648dbd0>]
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [127]: xplt.line(da, ax=axs[1, 1])
│ │ │ -Out[127]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830da11d10>]
│ │ │ +Out[127]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc648dd10>]
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [128]: plt.tight_layout()
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [129]: plt.draw()
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ 
│ │ │ @@ -1091,15 +1091,15 @@
│ │ │ The plot will produce an image corresponding to the values of the array. │ │ │ Hence the top left pixel will be a different color than the others. │ │ │ Before reading on, you may want to look at the coordinates and │ │ │ think carefully about what the limits, labels, and orientation for │ │ │ each of the axes should be.
│ │ │In [134]: a.plot()
│ │ │ -Out[134]: <matplotlib.collections.QuadMesh at 0x7f830d883ed0>
│ │ │ +Out[134]: <matplotlib.collections.QuadMesh at 0x7f9bc62fbed0>
│ │ │ 
│ │ │
│ │ │ It may seem strange that │ │ │ the values on the y axis are decreasing with -0.5 on the top. This is because │ │ │ the pixels are centered over their coordinates, and the │ │ │ @@ -1122,57 +1122,57 @@ │ │ │ .....: np.arange(20).reshape(4, 5), │ │ │ .....: dims=["y", "x"], │ │ │ .....: coords={"lat": (("y", "x"), lat), "lon": (("y", "x"), lon)}, │ │ │ .....: ) │ │ │ .....: │ │ │ │ │ │ In [139]: da.plot.pcolormesh(x="lon", y="lat") │ │ │ -Out[139]: <matplotlib.collections.QuadMesh at 0x7f830dade850> │ │ │ +Out[139]: <matplotlib.collections.QuadMesh at 0x7f9bc655a850> │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ Note that in this case, xarray still follows the pixel centered convention. │ │ │ This might be undesirable in some cases, for example when your data is defined │ │ │ on a polar projection (GH781). This is why the default is to not follow │ │ │ this convention when plotting on a map:
│ │ │In [140]: import cartopy.crs as ccrs
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [141]: ax = plt.subplot(projection=ccrs.PlateCarree())
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [142]: da.plot.pcolormesh(x="lon", y="lat", ax=ax)
│ │ │ -Out[142]: <cartopy.mpl.geocollection.GeoQuadMesh at 0x7f830d9b7250>
│ │ │ +Out[142]: <cartopy.mpl.geocollection.GeoQuadMesh at 0x7f9bc6433250>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [143]: ax.scatter(lon, lat, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
│ │ │ -Out[143]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f830da12c10>
│ │ │ +Out[143]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f9bc648ec10>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [144]: ax.coastlines()
│ │ │ -Out[144]: <cartopy.mpl.feature_artist.FeatureArtist at 0x7f830f68f230>
│ │ │ +Out[144]: <cartopy.mpl.feature_artist.FeatureArtist at 0x7f9b7764f230>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [145]: ax.gridlines(draw_labels=True)
│ │ │ -Out[145]: <cartopy.mpl.gridliner.Gridliner at 0x7f830f68cad0>
│ │ │ +Out[145]: <cartopy.mpl.gridliner.Gridliner at 0x7f9b7764cad0>
│ │ │ 
│ │ │
│ │ │ You can however decide to infer the cell boundaries and use the
│ │ │ infer_intervals keyword:
In [146]: ax = plt.subplot(projection=ccrs.PlateCarree())
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [147]: da.plot.pcolormesh(x="lon", y="lat", ax=ax, infer_intervals=True)
│ │ │ -Out[147]: <cartopy.mpl.geocollection.GeoQuadMesh at 0x7f830e15ec10>
│ │ │ +Out[147]: <cartopy.mpl.geocollection.GeoQuadMesh at 0x7f9bc69dec10>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [148]: ax.scatter(lon, lat, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
│ │ │ -Out[148]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f830e1696d0>
│ │ │ +Out[148]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x7f9bc69e96d0>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [149]: ax.coastlines()
│ │ │ -Out[149]: <cartopy.mpl.feature_artist.FeatureArtist at 0x7f830e169d10>
│ │ │ +Out[149]: <cartopy.mpl.feature_artist.FeatureArtist at 0x7f9bc69e9d10>
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [150]: ax.gridlines(draw_labels=True)
│ │ │ -Out[150]: <cartopy.mpl.gridliner.Gridliner at 0x7f830e169bd0>
│ │ │ +Out[150]: <cartopy.mpl.gridliner.Gridliner at 0x7f9bc69e9bd0>
│ │ │ 
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │ Note
│ │ │The data model of xarray does not support datasets with cell boundaries │ │ │ @@ -1180,26 +1180,26 @@ │ │ │ outside the xarray framework.
│ │ │One can also make line plots with multidimensional coordinates. In this case, hue must be a dimension name, not a coordinate name.
In [151]: f, ax = plt.subplots(2, 1)
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [152]: da.plot.line(x="lon", hue="y", ax=ax[0])
│ │ │ Out[152]:
│ │ │ -[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830d876490>,
│ │ │ - <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830d876ad0>,
│ │ │ - <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830d876990>,
│ │ │ - <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830d876850>]
│ │ │ +[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc60fa490>,
│ │ │ + <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc60faad0>,
│ │ │ + <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc60fa990>,
│ │ │ + <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc60fa850>]
│ │ │
│ │ │ In [153]: da.plot.line(x="lon", hue="x", ax=ax[1])
│ │ │ Out[153]:
│ │ │ -[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830d875590>,
│ │ │ - <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830d875bd0>,
│ │ │ - <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830d875a90>,
│ │ │ - <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830d875950>,
│ │ │ - <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f830d875810>]
│ │ │ +[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc60f9590>,
│ │ │ + <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc60f9bd0>,
│ │ │ + <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc60f9a90>,
│ │ │ + <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc60f9950>,
│ │ │ + <matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9bc60f9810>]
│ │ │ 
│ │ │ 
│ │ │ ├── html2text {}
│ │ │ │ @@ -442,15 +442,15 @@
│ │ │ │ a reduction function (see the _p_a_g_e_ _o_n_ _c_o_m_p_u_t_a_t_i_o_n), it can also be used to
│ │ │ │ reorganise your data without applying a computation via construct().
│ │ │ │ Taking our example tutorial air temperature dataset over the Northern US
│ │ │ │ In [56]: air = xr.tutorial.open_dataset("air_temperature")["air"]
│ │ │ │ ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries
│ │ │ │ exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/air_temperature.nc (Caused by
│ │ │ │ NameResolutionError("
│ │ │